New genomic study uncovers family ties linking Scythian elite burials across the Eurasian steppe

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A new ancient DNA study published in Science Advances provides evidence that political power among Scythian elites may have been inherited through family lineages that extended across multiple burial sites. By combining archaeology, anthropology and genetics, the new study offers fresh insight into how social inequality and political authority developed among ancient nomadic societies.

Burial mound “Kurgan Shilikty 16” in Kazakhstan before the excavation works took place. Image credit and Copyright: Rinat Zhumatayev

The Scytho-Siberian archaeological horizon emerged during the first millennium BCE and stretched from the Altai mountains to the Black Sea. The Scythians have been portrayed as highly mobile horse-riding nomads who traveled the vast Eurasian steppe during Iron Age. Across the Eurasian steppe, the Iron Age witnessed the appearance of large burial mounds, built for high status individuals. These elaborately constructed monumental graves often contained richly adorned women and men accompanied by gold ornaments, weapons and scarified animals.

In contrast, other individuals were buried in much smaller and simpler mounds with few or no grave goods. Such striking differences have long been interpreted as evidence of growing social inequality and the emergence of powerful elites among the Iron Age population. However, one essential question has remained unanswered: how was elite status maintained and transmitted? Were positions of power earned through individual achievement or were they inherited?

Burial mound “Kurgan Shilikty 16” in Kazakhstan after the excavation works took place. Image credit and Copyright: Rinat Zhumatayev

The new study analyzes genome-wide DNA from 85 Iron Age individuals, including 38 elite and 47 non-elite individuals from across Central Eurasia. The study includes 46 newly sequenced genomes and the first genome-wide data from the famous Scythian Saka “Golden Man” of the Issyk archaeological site in Kazakhstan, one of the most outstanding archaeological discoveries of the Central Eurasian steppe.

To the point
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Elite family networks: Ancient DNA reveals close family relationships linking elite individuals across multiple Scythian kurgans, suggesting that high social status may have been inherited through family lineages.
Golden Man genome: The study includes the first genome-wide data from the famous Scythian Saka “Golden Man” of the Issyk archaeological site in Kazakhstan.
Inherited status: Elite individuals were more related to each other, even when buried at different sites, than to lower-status individuals buried at the same sites.
Elite women: Nearly half of the elite individuals in the dataset were female, indicating that women could attain high social status within Iron Age Scythian society.
Social organization: The study finds no clear evidence that elite status was associated with either patrilocal or matrilocal residence patterns, suggesting complex forms of social organization among Scythian elites.

Golden Man
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One of the most significant discoveries from the Central Eurasian steppe is the Issyk kurgans in Kazakhstan, located about 50 km east of Almaty. Excavations of this royal burial complex associated with the Iron Age Saka culture revealed the “Golden Man” burial dating to 400–300 BCE. The individual was buried in a wooden chamber containing more than 4000 gold ornaments, weapons, gold embroidered headdress, zoomorphic artifacts, and a silver bowl with unknown writing.

Reconstruction of the “Golden Man”. Image credit & Copyright: Gulmira Mukhtarova

In this study, genome-wide data from the “Golden Man” provides the first genetic insight from this iconic individual. The results place him within the genetic variation of Iron Age Saka individuals and also helps to resolve a long-standing question by indicating that the individual was most likely male than female.

Family ties across elite burials
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By analyzing ancient genomes from individuals buried in elite Scythian graves and comparing them to non-elite burials, a team of international researchers have identified evidence of close family relationships linking elite individuals across multiple cemeteries, in some cases more than 100 km apart, as well as signs of unions between relatives. These results indicate that elite status was maintained within interconnected family lineages, that shaped political authority and social organization across Central Eurasian steppe.

“We did not expect to find that social status was passed down from generation to generation but it was clear that high-status individuals were more related to each other, even when buried at different archaeological sites, than to people of lower status who were buried at the same sites with the elites” said Ainash Childebayeva, Assistant Professor of Anthropology at UT Austin and a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and the Institute of Genetics and Physiology.

The researchers found no clear evidence that elite status was associated with either patrilocal or matrilocal residence patterns, suggesting that social organizing among Scythian elites were more complex and not based on gender differentiation.

Elite women in Scythian society
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The study also sheds new light on the role of elite women in Scythian society. “An important observation from our study was the noticeable presence of elite women” said Ayshin Ghalichi. “Nearly half of the elite individuals in our dataset were female, indicating that women held high social status within Iron Age Scythian society.“

The presence of elite women in richly furnished graves, together with genomic evidence linking high-status individuals across burial sites, points to a social world in which status, authority and kinship were closely connected. The findings suggest that political authority among Iron Age Scythian groups may have been organized through extended elite family networks rather than through simple residence patterns based on either male or female lines.

Eleke Sazy gold artifacts. Image credit & Copyright: Zainolla Samashev

Leyla Djansugurova from the Institute of Genetics and Physiology in Almaty, Kazakhstan, explained the broader cultural significance of the study: “Scythians and Sakas are collective names for nomadic tribes of the early Iron Age who inhabited the Central Eurasian region from the Danube to the Altai. The ancient Greeks called them ‘Scythians’ (Herodotus coined the term), while Persian and Indian sources called them ‘Sakas’.

Historically, the term Scythians more often refers to the western tribes (Black Sea region), and Sakas to the eastern ones (Central Asia, Altai). All these tribes were united by the so-called Scythian-Saka animal style in art, a distinctive military skill, and nomadic herding. They did not have their own written language, but they left behind grand burial mounds, the study of which has shaped the global understanding of the culture of the nomadic peoples of Eurasia during this period. The most striking example of the Scythian-Saka culture is the ‘Golden Man’ from the Issyk burial mound, which has become the national symbol of Kazakhstan.

Many other Golden Men/Women finds by Kazakh archaeologists are known. The value of this genetic study not only estimated by the fact of obtaining the first reliable DNA data on numerous objects belonging to the Saka elite, such as the Golden Man from the Issyk burial mound, the Urzhar Princess, the Shilikty Golden Man, and others, but also by the fact that Scythian-Saka elite individuals were being examined alongside non-elite individuals found at the same sites. This approach has allowed to determine the specifics of elite marital relationships and identify related necropolises. Thus, this genetic study significantly enriches our knowledge of the Scythian-Saka culture.

By integrating archaeological, anthropological and genomic evidence, the study reveals that Scythian elite society was shaped by family ties extending across burial sites and regions. These findings provide new insight into how high status was maintained, how political authority developed, and how social inequality emerged among ancient nomadic societies of the Eurasian steppe.

Citation
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The study Ancient DNA reveals elite dynastic rule among Iron Age Eurasian Steppe nomads was published in Science Advances. Authors: Ayshin Ghalichi, Madina Seidualy, Adam B. Rohrlach, Lyazzat Musralina, Guido Gnecchi-Ruscone, Taylor Hermes, Elmira Khussainova, Nurzhibek Kahbatkyzy, Bakhytzhan Bekmanov, Olzhas Iksan, Nazym Altynova, Jonathan Tuke, Matthew Roughan, Baurzhan Baitanayev, Akhan Onggaruly, Gulmira Mukhtarova, Abdesh Toleubayev, Rinat Zhumatayev, Bakkeldi Rysbek, Zainolla Samashev, Arman Beisenov, Choongwon Jeong, Wolfgang Haak, Leyla Djansugurova, Johannes Krause, and Ainash Childebayeva

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